Civil Rights Movement During The Civil War - 960 Words

Civil Rights Movement With the winning of the Civil War still in the minds of many, conducting interviews of previous slaves intrigued those wanting to know what it was like being a slave. With the interview there is a look inside the life of, a woman still in her childhood, what her life was like, and how she dealt with being a slave. The life of a slave was no easy feat, but with perseverance many made it to the wars end, although life still has many hardships for the Freedman today. The interview was given to Betty Powers by the New Deals Federal Writer’s Project in 1936, quite a few years after the slaves were freed. These interviews were given to give a look into the life of a slave, what they went through, and the pains and turmoil that white people had caused. This interview just proved how terrible and inhumane slavery was, and why it needed to be ended, although it caused the south to completely change its ways in the Reconstruction Era. In the textbook there were vie ws from both the North and the South on slavery and its end. This article is on the view of the slaves and the North, believing it was the right thing to end slavery, and that the color of your skin doesn’t mean you aren’t human. On the South’s view, they believed the opposite that African Americans were below the whites, and were meant for harsh labor. The treatment of African American’s thus leads to Reverend Henry McNeal Turner to give a speech before the Georgia State Legislator in 1868, becauseShow MoreRelatedCivil Rights Movements During The World War II911 Words   |  4 PagesCivil Rights Movements After the World War II, the United States has a significant impact in social changes on minorities’ social class status and gender. Women were not given equal rights to men and segregation in school between African American and White people to raise the issues to the roof. Veterans returned from the War had been treated badly and considered a lower class in society. Civil Rights movement involved many minorities group of people in the United States fight for the equal rightsRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement During World War II955 Words   |  4 PagesDuring World War II, America as a nation faced many challenges both at home and abroad. Some of these challenges at home included Strikes and protests in war production factories, which was due to increasing differences between the government and employers, with the workers/labor unions. Another was the Civil rights movement for African-Americans, which advocated for equal rights for all Americans, when African Americans joined the war efforts by both joining the military and working in the war factoriesRead More1968 Was a Turning Point for the United States. Assess the Validity of This Statement652 Words   |  3 PagesDuring the 1960s our nation was going through many important and crucial events. From the Vietnam War to national politics, and even civil rights, our country was changing a lot. In particular, the year 1968, was when our country went through a major turning point, especially when you take in consideration the major events that involved the Vietnam War and the civil rights movement such as the â€Å"Tet Offense†, violent protests, and the Civil Rights Act being passed. The Vietnam War is still a veryRead MoreThe Black People And The Civil Rights Movement1741 Words   |  7 Pagescome a long way. We still have a long way to go, even though some progress has been made. Black people started as slaves, who were the victims of rape, murder, and many other brutal things. Then came the civil rights period where most black people were free persay, but still lacked basic human rights. Today, black people in America are living in a place that appears to be equal and racially unbiased. This however, is not true. Black people are still exposed to racism, and unfair treatment. However,Read MoreEssay on The Civil War: A Women’s Time to Shine1334 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil War was a defining point for the United States. The people of America were forced to step back and reevaluate what defined the American Citizen: a person with the rights and privilege to cast a vote for what or who he believes in. The key word here is â€Å"he†. The Civil War brought freedom and rights to African Americans, yet it had no directly positive effect on women’s rights. While African Americans were seeing their lives and futures change, to many observers the women’s rights movementRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement During The 1960 S1224 Words   |  5 Pagespositive and negative effects on the people of the US.   During the 1960’s there were a lot of changes and one of these major changes was know as The Civil Rights Movement.   The civil rights movement was a movement created by African Americans to achieve rights equal to white people and have equal opportunity in housing, employment, education, the right to vote, and to not be segregated.   This movement had many important leaders that helped get rights for African Americans.   The book â€Å"Tambourines To Glory†Read MoreThe Abolition Of The Civil War1679 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the mid 1800s, the issue of slavery and its expansion had become a major controversial element of American history, resulting in the transpiration of the Civil War. Between the years of 1861 and 1865, conflict between the North and South had emerged, causing bloodshed at America’s most dominant period of history. Throughout the year 1861, intense conflict between the North and South over issues of states’ liberties, federal power, westward expansion, and slavery had impelled the Civil WarRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement1708 Words   |  7 PagesThe civil rights movement comprised efforts of grassroots activists and national leaders to obtain for African Americans the basic rights guaranteed to American citizens in the Constitution. The key players in succeeding with the civil rights movement were the soldiers returning from the war, Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the anti-Vietnam War activists. During the civil rights movement, nearly every African American had experiencedRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War844 Words   |  4 Pagessome part in the evolution of the black race. After the Civil War, most of the races in America were seen to have separate freedom, but as the years progress African Americans were one of the many to stand up and obtain their individuality. In the process of obtaining individual freedom, there were many events that played important roles in this particular process. The African American race was seen to evolve during slavery, Civil Rights, and modern day. Each of these significant times, AfricanRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy : A War On Poverty And The So Called Great Society1021 Words   |  5 PagesKennedy announced his New Frontier domestic program. During his presidency, he was not able to implement his promises successfully. â€Å"Without a clear Democratic majority in Congress he was unable to increase federal aid to ed ucation, provide health insurance for the aged, create a cabinet-level department of urban affairs, or expand civil rights† (Tindall and Shi 1050). His successor Johnson, committed to New Deal Democratic Liberalism, launched a War on Poverty and the so-called Great Society, a large

Whats the Meaning of A Priori in French

In English, this Latin expression is not often used, and means in theory. In French, À  Priori is used quite often. It has several meanings. À Prioris Meaning In French, à   priori means: in principle/if everything goes as planned/unless something changes Oà ¹ vas-tu pour les vacances? Where do you go for your vacation?À priori, je vais en Bretagne... mais ce nest pas encore sà »r. If everything goes as planned, Im going to Brittany, but its not certain yet. À priori, son examen sest bien passà ©.Unless something changes (unless we hear otherwise), his test went well. Tu aimes le canard ? Do you like duck?À priori, oui, mais je nen ai jamais mangà ©. In principle, yes, but Ive never had it. Note that there are no good synonyms for this expression in French, which makes it quite useful and used. Avoir Des À Priori Note that when written without an s à   priori means to have set opinions about something. Tu dois le rencontrer sans à   priori.You must meet him without set opinions ( with an open mind) Elle a des à   priori contre lui.She has set opinions about him. A synonym could be un prà ©jugà ©.

We Do NOT Need Affirmative Action Essay - 549 Words

Affirmative Action is steps that are taken to ensure that the opportunities are equal between minorities and others. There have been many heated debates over this issue, and maybe the worst is yet to come. Some might feel it is necessary because they feel opportunities are not equal for minorities. Many people believe that gaps need to be closed between minorities and others, but there is a difference in the method. I feel the current method is not constitutional, lawful, and not proven to be an adequate solution. We don’t even know what is the cause of inequality. How can we figure out what the solution is? There is no evidence showing whether imbalances in education and the workforce are racial or economical.†¦show more content†¦Affirmative Action goes against what our country was founded on. Our preamble to the Constitution proclaims liberty and justice for everyone. We have worked so hard to perfect our country with our numerous amendments to the Constitution. In stead of solidifying the equalities we have worked for, it challenges the concept of equality. Affirmative Action is unlawful. Affirmative Action goes against the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Civil Rights Act was made to insure that no one would be discriminated against, yet we use reverse discrimination to insure equality. The Civil Rights Act did not establish superiority of one race, religion, or sex over the other one. To give preferential treatment to any minorities is a blatant violation of Title VII. Affirmative Action is also a violation of Title II where interstate commerce is involved. Affirmative Action in federally funded schools also violates Title IV. The Affirmative Action Program is not reaching its goal. The program was supposed to be an equalizer. Minorities were supposed to have the same opportunities in the workforce, and education as others. Now the gap is bigger than thirty years ago. Less African American’s go to college now than in 1990. Affirmative A ction also casts shadows on our merit. Why should an unworthy candidate receive a position only because of their color? This way of thinking only excuses minorities from being judged byShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination3927 Words   |  16 Pagesexpectations of the way people are supposed to behave in everyday life. Anti-discrimination law is an essential tool in securing the functioning of democracy. It is necessary to understand what the law, and anti-discrimination law, may be expected to do and the challenges for the proper functioning of the legal system. CAUSES OF DISCRIMINATION Kids can learn prejudiced attitudes from their parents. Prejudice could also exist in order to get approvalRead MoreThe Impact of Ethnicity on Civil Service Delivery in Nigeria.2605 Words   |  11 Pagesby government to integrate and unify the civil service but, not without the effort of the Northern leader using its office to strike a balance if not increase the number Northerners over the Southerners in the central civil service through an affirmative action. Today, deep rooted ethnicity has eaten deep into the Nigerian social, political, economic and institutional fabric including its civil service. In this paper, effort will be geared toward examining the impact of ethnicity on civil serviceRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 PagesSTRATEGY SAFARI A GUIDED TOURTHROUGH THE WILDS OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT HENRY MINTZBERG BRUCE AHLSTRAND JOSEPH LAMPEL T H E FREE PRESS NEW YORK aJaiz. u.frmiu/i  «...* „.;i†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢/ . †¢ . . †¢. »Ã¢â‚¬ ¢.. . .. †¢..†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢.-.†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢a/itiktSii^i THE FREE PRESS A Division of Simon Schuster Inc. 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 Copyright  © 1998 by Henry Mintzberg, Ltd., Bruce Ahlstrand, and Joseph Lampel All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. THERead Moreothering2880 Words   |  12 Pagesthe policy of Affirmative Action to name a few. To fully understand othering, this essay is informed by literature around othering and that is what will be explored first. In reviewing literature on othering, it is clear that many definitions for it exist. According to Kitzinger Wilkinson (1996: 8 as cited in Maccallum, 2002), othering is defined as ‘Who and what Others are . . . is intimately related to ‘our’ notion of who and what ‘we’ are. ‘We’ use Other to define ourselves: ‘we’ understand ourselvesRead MoreJob Analysis13751 Words   |  56 PagesAPPENDIX A- PERSONNEL ASSESSMENT SPECIALIST JOB ANALYSIS QUESTIONNAIRE 36-60 1 ABSTRACT In the 1980 s, IPMAAC conducted a comprehensive Personnel Assessment Specialist job analysis in order to develop information about the variety of tasks we perform and the competencies needed in our profession. Many different applications and uses were envisioned for the resulting report. In a subsequent survey, the IPMAAC membership reported their belief that the job-analysis results would be useful toRead MoreEquality and Diversity Essay3406 Words   |  14 Pagesis not just about individual prejudices and actions, but systemic processes. Macpherson (1999) defined the concept of institutionalised racism, which achieved central recognition and was eventually adopted by the Metropolitan Police Service and other agencies. For Johns and Green (2009), simply to address individual, direct forms of discrimination is insufficient; only two forms of EO can be aimed at institutional discrimination - radical (which they do not support) or liberal. The liberal notionRead MoreRacism in America3527 Words   |  15 PagesAmericans through programs such as affirmative action, empowerment through education and positive cultural images of African-Americans, Asian-Americans, Arab-Americans and Latinos displayed by the media can help solve the problems of racism. By attacking the issues of racism positively and proactively we as a society of diverse cultures can eliminate and solve the reoccurrence of racism in America. Key Words: racism, discrimination, affirmative action, diversity, equal rights, culture Read MoreEmployment and Lower Court2977 Words   |  12 Pagesgrades posted within 7 days. I have enjoyed getting to know and working with all of you over the last few weeks. As always, I learn as much if not more from all of you than vice versa. Best of luck in all of your future studies and careers. Please do not hesitate to call me if you have any question or concerns. Thank you all again. Good luck. Multiple Choice Instructions: Circle the letter of the best choice. 1) Jill is a marketing manager for Beta Co., located in a state recognizing at-willRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 PagesonaryDictionary of Ònà ¬Ã¯â‚¬ ¬chà   Igbo 2nd edition of the Igbo dictionary, Kay Williamson, Ethiope Press, 1972. Kay Williamson († ) This version prepared and edited by Roger Blench Roger Blench Mallam Dendo 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail R.Blench@odi.org.uk http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm To whom all correspondence should be addressed. This printout: November 16, 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations:Read MoreGender Marginalization5547 Words   |  23 Pagesgeneral, the term marginalization describes the overt actions or tendencies of human societies, where people who they perceive to undesirabile, or without useful fkction are excluded, i.e., marginalized. The people who are marginalized are outside the existing s y s t e r ~ protection and integration. This limits their of opportunities and means for survival. The term has been defined in the following ways: 48 Peter Leonard defines m a r d i t y as, . ..being outside the mainstreamof productive

Sexual Harassment Within The Workplace - 1349 Words

What is sexual harassment? According to U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission defines workplace sexual harassment as unwelcome sexual advances or conduct of a sexual nature which unreasonably interferes with the performance of a person s job or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment. Sexual harassment refers to the action of repeated, annoying sexual comments, gazes and physical contact at the workplace. Sexual harassment refers to sexual actions that annoy the party affected. Sexual harassment at work is a serious problem and can happen to both women and men. (Sexual Harassment, n.d.). Quid pro quo and hostile work environment are the two recognized types of sexual harassment under Title VII. To be†¦show more content†¦Hostile environment harassment can include gender- or sexual orientation–based jokes or comments, calling people by derogatory gender-related names, threats, touching of a sexual nature, offensive e-mail or Web site mes sages, talking about one’s sexual behaviors in front of others, spreading rumors about coworkers. Training is a traditional tool of choice where employers wish to take, or demonstrate, â€Å"reasonable care to prevent† and â€Å"good faith efforts.† Evidence of effective training programs can now eliminate employer liability for workplace harassment in many situations and allow employers to avoid imposition of punitive damages even in cases of proven harassment and discrimination. There are at least four ways in which U.S. law has encouraged or effectively mandated sexual harassment training. First, and most important, developing case law interpreting and applying Title VII of the Civil Rights Act has elevated training to an effective defense to charges of harassment in many cases. Second, EEOC Guidelines explicitly call for training. Third, high profile settlement agreements and consent decrees typically incorporate a training component. Finally, at the state l evel, many state legislatures or governors have enacted statutes or issued executive orders, respectively, that mandate training (Buckner, Hindman, Huelsman, Bergman, 2014, p. 258). Things workersShow MoreRelatedSexual Harassment Within The Workplace949 Words   |  4 PagesSexual harassment (SH) in the workplace, as defined by the Ontario Human Rights Commission, is a form of discrimination based on sex. SH can be subjective, in the sense that it can range from anything as severe to asking for sex in exchange for something to gloating about sexual capabilities. While both women and men can be victims, trends indicate that women are greater times the recipient. According to Kubik (2016) 40 – 75% of women and 15% of men experience sexual harassment in the workplace.Read MoreSexual Harassment Within The Workplace1382 Words   |  6 PagesNovember 2015 SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE Sexual harassment is any form of unprecedented sexual conduct in which the offender uses inappropriate language and actions that humiliate the sexuality of the offended. At workplaces, sexual harassment occurs when stakeholders of an organization engage in unwelcomed conducts of sexual nature, which makes the recipients (of the conduct) intimidated and uncomfortable. As Solotoff and Kramer (2014: 67) assert, sexual harassment is a widespread practiceRead MoreSexual Harassment Within The Workplace1567 Words   |  7 PagesSexual harassment is a continuing, persistent occupational health problem in corporations and work environments. 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SexualRead MoreSexual Harassment Within The Workplace Essay4574 Words   |  19 Pages SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN WORKPLACE Lesa GlennTracy ABSTRACT This research is about sexual harassment in workplaces. Sexual harassment has been seen all over the world, and it is more directed to women and also some men have reported the issues although not that much. The research was done due to the vast number of people complaining of harassment in their workplace and wanted to prove if it’s true. Harassment in workplaces is not only directed to job advances but also as a wayRead More Sexual Harassment and Workplace Violence Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesHarassment has plagued the world for centuries. Why should the workplace be any different? Sexual harassment and workplace violence are not only of historical roots, but contemporary issues are still present in the workforce today. 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Sexual harassment is defined as discrimination towards sex. It is unwanted verbal and/or physical contact between two human beings, however, in this case I would like to focus on the workplace (co-worker or supervisor). Based on Civil Rights Act of 1991, there has been an increased amount of incentives for employer’s prohibition conducts of sexual harassment. How people perceive and evaluate sexual harassmentRead MoreThe State Of Sexual Harassment858 Words   |  4 Pages Machin, L. (2012). The State of Sexual Harassment in America: What is the Status of Sexual Harassment in the US Workplace Today? Journal of Global Business Management, 8(1), 133-138. Unwanted sexual advances are inappropriate whether or not an individual is at work. This article speaks to the minds of people who have been sexually harassed at work in the 2000s. When written, the article explained that in the last two years sexual harassment in the workplace had actually increased. It also explainsRead MoreIntroduction. 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Alexander III Free Essays

string(81) " of workers in industrial areas – and was fairly successful in the matter\." â€Å"In terms of both personality and policies, Alexander Ill did not posses the qualities necessary for a successful ruler of late 19th-century Russia† – to what extent to you agree with this Judgment? Whilst the Judgment could be considered well-founded, its validity is a matter of opinion, depending on how one defines the qualities of a ‘successful ruler’ of Russia in the late sass, which policies contribute to this success and what, overall, makes a Tsar a success or a failure (if the matter can be categorized so dictatorially). Disregarding the technicalities of the Judgment, although Alexander Ill may not have assessed all the qualities that would have classed him as a successful Tsar, he was not entirely lacking in them – nor in his policies – therefore meaning that the statement is not entirely correct. Before discussing what made a successful 19th century Russian autocrat, it must be ascertained what ‘successful’ entails: in this case, it would be achieving the aims of the autocrat/autocracy. We will write a custom essay sample on Alexander III or any similar topic only for you Order Now The primary aim of an autocrat in the sass would be to preserve or extend the autocracy and its power both internally and internationally, meaning that there would be few or no concessions of power and that the Tsar would appear as a forceful, formidable figure to both its allies and enemies and in the eyes of citizens of the Russian Empire in both the motherland and its annexes. This was obviously extremely important to Alexander Ill, given his ‘Manifesto of Unshakeable Autocracy in April 1881. Secondary aims may have varied from Tsar to Tsar but for Alexander these were: the rejection of democracy and the reversal of Alexander SIS liberalism, which fitted neatly with the preservation of autocracy; the removal of opposition that had arisen during Alexander SIS reign, including crushing the threat of revolution; and the economic and industrial modernization of Russia, moving it towards becoming a ‘Great Power’. And of course, he would have to possess the support of the majority Russian people, though this was generally a given, as even – if not especially – those who had never seen the Tsar were convinced of his positions as ‘gods anointed’ and their ‘Little Father’. Depending on how high a regard the Tsar is held in, it could be suggested that humanitarian aims were present however, for the purposes of this essay, this will not be included, as an overview of Alexander Ills reign suggest that whilst he made some inclusion for his workers and subjects, many freedoms and rights were compromised to further the ‘greater good’. Autocracy generally protects the autocrat from criticism of personal traits, though, if in possession of some or lacking in others, it may make the autocrat’s rule easier or harder. To be both a highly autocratic ruler and to be successful, one would have had to appear as both ruthless and honest, likeable yet formidable, as the ‘little father’ to the peasants whilst also appearing as working to protect the upper class and as incredibly patriotic, though not to the extent that it would disadvantage the country. An well rounded education in militarily, state and economic matters, though not technically a personality trait, would also be beneficial for a Tsar to possess, allowing him to be thoughtful and therefore to curb any headstrong impulsiveness he may have had. In terms of policy, depending on the Tsar’s aims, how well they supported of achieved those aims and how well they were received helped his achievement of prosperity in his role as successful and popular policies make for a successful and popular rule. Despite this, it must be noted that although a Tsar had the potential to cake or break the country, advisors often tempered him, especially if those advisors had previously been influential in his life, meaning a Tsar’s successfulness could be down to more than Just his personality or the policies he made. In terms of preserving the autocracy, and reversing the steps towards democracy his father had taken, Alexander Ill was arguably very successful, especially in his dealings with revolutionary groups and opposition in the sass and sass. After his fathers assassination by members of the terrorist group the ‘People’s Will’ – ‘Normandy Volta’ – the Tsar ruthlessly cracked down on groups and organizations hat opposed him through the return of rigid censorship, exiles to Siberia and executions, such as the hanging of Alexandra Llanos and four others in 1887. The policy that allowed his authorities more power in pursuing opposition groups was the 1881 Statute of State Security, which gave the state the power to declare an area of the country under ‘extraordinary protection’ and to therefore impose what essentially amounted to martial law: the banning of public meetings could be banned, the closing and restriction of schools, the extension of powers of the police especially the Koruna) and the arrest of anybody who was deemed ‘liberal’ or in opposition to the regime. Furthermore, whilst the restrictions of censorship were resented by many (especially the revolutionaries, liberals and those calling for social change) it certainly did slow the spread of anti-tsarist ideas that had contributed to the dislike of autocracy and later the assassination of Alexander II. The combination of the restrictions on physically forming opposition groups and the restrictions on the spread of ideologies made it difficult for revolutionaries to even arm groups, let alone for them to actually perform any revolutionary actions. Whilst the methods through which Alexander Ill kept control of Russia were radical, conservative and incredibly harsh, they were no less effective for that and ensured a fairly stable, though oppressive, reign for him making him successful in his preservation of autocracy and the removal of the threat of revolution in his time. Economically and industrially, Russia was lagging behind Europe in the late sass. Alexander Ill intended to change that through a protectionist economic policy, imposing customs duties on imported goods to recover Russian’s economy and allowing rapid industrial and infrastructural growth – the latter intending to an increase in the number of workers in industrial areas – and was fairly successful in the matter. You read "Alexander III" in category "Papers" He was also successfully frugal in accounting in state finances, though Russian’s expenditure on debt was still fairly high. With his ministers Bungee, Witted Yesterdays he achieved his aim of a major boost of progress both economically and industrially, whilst also attempting to improve agricultural production – evidence of this success being the 8% per annum Roth in Russian’s economy. Antithetical to the progress made was the social conditions that went along with it. Living conditions in towns and cities were mostly poor and often factory work paid poorly, leaving poverty, overcrowding and discontent to fester with the workers. In addition to this, though its efficiency improved, agriculture was exploited to the extent that major famines were caused, the largest in 1891 , as emphasis was placed on exporting the agricultural products, rather than letting peasants provide from themselves with them. High taxes were also placed on peasants to fund the instruction of railway lines, such as the Trans-Siberian Railway, and this furthered the poverty experienced by many in both developed and rural areas, though it did allow for improvement in the internal transportation of goods and of people (another successfully achieved aim). There was a definite lack of basic societal care in Alexander Ill, yet he was not entirely negligent in his role of the ‘Little Father’ to his subjects: The Peasant Land Bank was set up in 1883, giving cheap loans to allow peasants to buy their own land; redemption payments were lowered, allowing extremely poor peasants to move emend subsidence farming; and, in towns and cities, factories were legislated with working hours established and an inspectorate employed. In some ways, his work for the ‘greater good’ could be considered more characteristic of a successful Tsar than humanitarianism would be as a Tsar’s first duty was to God and his country, meaning that improvement of the country should be attempted no matter what the cost to its people (who were supposed to shared his loyalties, given his adopted slogan of ‘Nationality, Orthodoxy, Autocracy. As far as foreign policy goes, Alexander Ills title as the ‘Peacekeeper’ Tsar is perhaps s deserved as his fathers title the Tsar ‘Liberator’ was; though his policies successfully kept the peace, it was most likely not for pacifistic, humanitarian reasons (as far as we know, or can deduct) but rather to allow for Russia to improve practically. Evidence of this is that, although diplomatically peaceful, the Tsar opposed doctrines of peace fairly strongly, preferring the view that a nation must be prepared for war in order to avoid it. No major wars occurred during his reign, and given the problems that the Crimean War had left in its wake, this was a definite success on his part. Ensuring a tentative peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary with the Three Emperors’ Alliance with the renewal of it in 1881, Alexander Ill successfully gained security for the first few years of his reign. The circumnavigation of collapse of this from 1885-1887 due to conflict in the Balkans potentially avoided any major problems for Russia and instead left them option to pursue Franco-Russian policy to fill the vacuum left by Russian’s estrangement from Germany Austria-Hungary, earning another success for the Tsar in his foreign policy. Of course, the fact collapse of the Three Emperors’ Alliance, along with the tensions n the Balkans (though a continuance from previous Tsar’s agendas) could be counted as a failing on Alexander part, but this is largely negated by his other successes, such his cautious avoidance of conflict with any European or Asian powers whilst gradually expanding Russian influence and power. Contrary to the success Alexander had with his foreign policy, a domestic policy that mostly failed and caused much resentment with in the Russian Empire was Rustication – the attempted unification of the Russian Empire under one ruler, one religion, one language and one culture. In abstract, Rustication would supposedly eave united the peoples of the Russian Empire and wiped out the threat of revolution and made Russia a dominant power in Europe, however all it did in reality was anger those whose cultures, religions or languages were being repressed, and spawn resentment towards the Tsar in all corners of his Empire. Obviously it was a policy that failed, given that it had been intended to quell revolutionary action and unify the state when, instead, it caused further divisions between the myriad of ethnicities present in Russia and actually grew revolutionary movements in areas like Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine. For Alexander Ill to be classed as successful the personal qualities needed for a ruler and the policies that may have been needed to achieve his aims would have been a balancing act of epic proportions – something that only somebody who had been raised to be a ruler could manage to do with any degree of success. As the second son of Alexander II, Alexander Ill was not expected to become Tsar and was educated only to the standard of a Grand Duke of the period, the finer points of ruling a country were not taught to him until his brother Nicolas died in 1865. Despite him being described as a gruff, narrow minded and fairly crude (Queen Victoria described him as â€Å"a sovereign she does not look upon as a gentleman†) Alexander Ill was of true Russian character: a deeply religious, moral honest man with an imposing figure and fiery temperament. These traits would have fitted the profile of a Tsar fairly well in abstract but, in reality, the coarseness of Alexander character prevented them from being viewed as such. Alexander natural conservatism was likely furthered by the assassination of his father by radicals, and by the influence of Photostatted – his reactionary tutor – ND that the dangers that liberalism connoted, given the numerous attempts on his fathers life, and later on his own. However, conservatism obviously was not a bad trait to possess in the late 19th century, as the previous Tsar’s liberalism had granted freedoms to those who would wish to end autocracy and in return had been granted a caved in skull. Gruffness of nature was characteristic of Alexander and, whilst it may have looked upon degradingly by the other nobles of Europe, it gained him a certain kind of respect from his people as he gave not only an impression of solidity and strength, UT also one of rough-cut solidarity with his people. For an long period of time, the Romano Tsars had been untouchable, not only as divine, but also in the distinctions of class between them and their subjects, therefore having a Tsar who was relatable, but not ‘soft’, as Alexander II may have been thought of as, was highly desirable. As far as being liked or admired as a person, Alexander was well liked by sloppiness and many of the Russian peasants who felt a ruler who was suspicious of the west, highly patriotic and characteristic of the ideal Russian man was one they could purport, and consequently, one who would be successful. On a slightly humorous note, an example of a quality that may have proved endearing to the typical Russian worker was his love of drinking. Even after he was diagnosed with kidney problems and forbidden alcohol by his wife, Alexander continued to drink, using hidden compartments in his boots to store flasks of alcohol that, when his wife left the room, he Jokingly pulled out and swigged from. Alternately, the lack of education and culture Alexander Ill displayed made him seem rather brutish; two traits that did not sit well with the ‘cultured’ gentry who had ivied through the reign of his more cultivated father. Furthermore it seemed to go against autocratic, ruling-class propriety to have a crude, UN-gentlemanly, bear of a man ruling a country that – though tumultuous and uneven in its wealth – produced some of the finest architecture, art, music and literature in the 19th century. The late 19th century was a time when Russia was teetering on the brink of revolution, modernization and industrialization, and in keeping the revolution down whilst advancing the country fiscally was something that Alexander Ill did admirably ell, despite his flaws and failed policies. Though he may not have been a Tsar for the people, nor the ‘Liberator’ his father was he, ensured the security of Russian autocracy for his reign (mostly through repression, at the expense of liberties) therefore making him a successful Tsar overall, contrary to what the statement suggests. Additionally, though conservatism is often painted as a backwards, oppressive political view to hold, it can be argued that for Alexander Ill preserve his rule and economically/industrially bring Russia up to speed – ruling with an iron fist How to cite Alexander III, Papers

Language Development & Reading Process-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Understanding Language Development and the Reading Process in Childern. Answer: Introduction Children have a universal way of acquiring languages, regardless of the number of languages being introduced to them. For them, acquisition of language is much like a game of ball, they are given a set of rules and they are on. By rules one means the structure, rules and their use in order to learn that language. Every language learning process goes through a set of steps, through which the language can be effectively learnt. Concepts like reading skills, writing skills, contextual knowledge, knowledge of the sound units and other factors are always there to support the process of learning a language. If one considers the age group of children, then one would have to keep in mind that it is a more careful process. Taking care of a child learning a language is a very intricate role for the teachers. The foundation of ones language system is the persons basic knowledge of the language he is talking in. For that one would know that proper language training would be very important to pro vide from a very young age. Children have a very clear and capable mind, which can easily grasp any kind of knowledge so teaching them a language would be more interesting as they can be, taught any which way the teacher pleases. However, proper steps should be maintained for the process. The following essay talks in detail about each stage if language learning and development in children and how reading process is taught to a child. The essay discusses in fair details about topics such as, Reading, Phonological and Phonetic awareness in children, Alphabet and Phonic Knowledge, Concepts of Prints and Screen and Contextual, Semantic and Grammatical Information. Each of the above topics named is equally important as the other. Each of them is important in the learning process of a language for a child. These steps are vital and they shape the way a child learns a particular language, irrespective of nationality or ethnicity (McDonalds, 2013). What is reading? An infant has the capability to look at pictures, understand voices and point out towards objects near and far. It is very essential for the immediate teacher, whether in play school or home to guide them through the first steps of reading and learning. It is very essential that the first few steps of learning are guided by pictures, paintings and visually appealing methods, so that the child is never bored and finds interest in the process of learning. Drawing attention towards pictures and story books, and relating to real world objects, a child takes its very first steps towards learning. This is when a child starts understanding communication and languages used to communicate. Reading out stories to children makes up an essential part of learning for children and they gradually grow up to read on their own, from their knowledge of sound and understanding of letters. They see the written letters and learn making the sounds related to them. The next step is teaching them how to mak e simple words by adding up their knowledge of letters, and reading them from their knowledge of the sounds the letters produce. Learning to read becomes more like an automatic reflex as soon as the rhythm and melody of a language start becoming a part of the childs system. Further, reading skills are improved by introducing complex reading elements like bigger words, sentences and complex sentence structures (Masny, 2012). Phonological and Phonetic Awareness in Children Phonology is the study of the rules that govern speech and sound production. Phonetics is the study about the way in which a particular unit of speech is uttered, while phonics is the system in which symbols stand for sounds in a specific alphabetic writing system. Phonological awareness is the ability to understand segments of sounds and arrange them for oral language. Childrens curriculums mostly have events involving music classes, story-telling and rhyme classes which help them to introduce themselves to sounds and syllables, and the proper use of them. But it is to be noted that phonological awareness begins at a very early age, even before children start going to school, their home environments are where they are introduced to sounds and speech at first. A sound phonological awareness helps children to make better connections between sounds and letters (Brady and Shankweiler, 2013) When we talk of Phonetics, we mean the tiny unites of speech which corresponds to the letters of a particular alphabetic system. Awareness of any language is produced through these small sounds composing a word or sentence. When a child enters school, his phonemic awareness determines largely what kind of gripping power the child will have. It is also a fact, according to research that phonemic awareness can be developed through proper instruction, and that helps a childs reading and writing skills later. Alphabet and Phonic Knowledge Phonics is something that involves both eyes and ears, whereas just ears are needed as aids to acquire phonological knowledge. One cannot have phonic awareness without phonological awareness. So for children, it is ideal to have them introduced to sounds first before letters and visual representation are introduced to them. Phonic knowledge helps children link actions to letter sounds. This helps them to remember better. When children are taught all the letter sounds, they are further introduced to the idea of letters and sounds together and the association of both. Then they learn how to link actions with letter sounds so that they retain easily and effectively. Then they are taught how to blend sounds like oo or sh, etc. then de-coding new words become easier. This can be the first step taken towards reading (Drouin, Horner Sondergold, 2012) By Alphabet knowledge we mean the ability in children to name, distinguish shapes, identify sounds of alphabet and write them successfully. This kind of knowledge is developed through a few activities which come in the respective sequence: Reciting the alphabet Learning the letters Identifying the letter shapes that match the name Identify letter sounds Alphabet knowledge helps to develop phonological sensitivity, which includes the ability to detect and play with sound structures of spoken language. For example: being able to make different words with the /m/ sound. Phonological awareness aids the growth of the knowledge of alphabets. When children can pick out the sounds in spoken words, they can identify the letter-sound resemblance. Concepts of Print and Screen It is very essential to design proper reading- screening instruments for screening a childs learning progress. Children keep on growing in their phonological and early reading skills. The right time to start screening children has something that has drawn debates. Certain cases argue the age limit for as to when this screening should be introduced. Some views claim that children should go through screening before formal instruction has begun. Prevention of reading issues can be detected early on in life if a child does not get fully involved in the system of formal literacy instruction. The other view states that screening as a part of pre-school, precisely before they enter kindergarten will reduce the accuracy of the screening process. That can happen for two factors, namely: Children may end up scoring poorly if they are tested at such a tender age, before they have even acquired their abilities to understand languages fully. Some children, who take longer to adjust to their surrounding classrooms, will end up scoring poorly as they might not be as attentive as they should be beyond their comfort zones (Hill,2012). Print awareness stands for and understanding of structure, function and conventions of written language. The process is based on certain skills which are taught to children for a better understanding of language: Understanding the concept of letter/word Distinguishing between illustration and print Distinguishing letters from numbers Understanding punctuation marks, etc A large part of the teaching process is dependent on the printed materials. Little children should be encouraged to read from printed materials, which keep the children interested in the visually appealing study materials. This does not only have their interests, but also encourages effective learning. The basic steps towards this can be implemented by labeling things for instance, their belongings, labeling storage boxes and cupboards, writing in colored chalks on the blackboard, and other methods effective in introducing print to them. Print awareness helps children develop their observing skills, and keeps them interested in lessons. Contextual, Semantic and Grammatical/Phonic Information If a child is growing up in an environment where not too many people talk, the child will automatically talk less. Similarly, in a talkative environment the child will grow up to be talkative. But it is very essential that the child is taught the idea of context. By the idea of context we mean that when a word is uttered the meaning if the word is specific to factors surrounding it. Such as the environment, gender, day, time, etc. for effective teaching of language, a child should also be introduced to the concept of contextual words. That will widen the window of the childs understanding and he will understand the better use of words. Every school should have sessions where teachers interact with the students in a way, teaching those more about contextual functions of words. Semantic awareness stands for and understanding and correct use of meaning when it involves single words, sentences or phrases. It is something that is very necessary for language acquisition skills. It is very important for children to be taught from a very early age which meaning relates to which word, and that what semantic knowledge stands for. Sometimes it is context bound, sometimes it is not. However, baby steps are taken when it comes to teaching children because they are not expected to have the capability to understand complex meanings. So, little segment-meanings are provided to them for easier understanding (Zens NK, 2017). Grammar is the pillar of foundation when it comes to written and spoken language, which helps people to understand language better. Using a mode of communication with poor grammar is something that takes away meaning from the conversation. This can hinder proper communication and also affect ones self esteem for not having been able to communicate ones thoughts. Proper grammar makes reading and understanding easier for both parties involved in a conversation, making the conversation fruitful and enjoyable. For children also, correct grammar helps in expanding vocabulary as one can come in contact with new words and learn better and innovative ways to communicate their thoughts to the other person. Improved grammar skills always have a positive effect on learners, and it is important that children are groomed to learn correct grammar so that they grow up to speak confidently (Lowe, 2016). Learning good grammar helps in certain factors such as: Better concentration Reading and writing skills improved Enhanced thinking abilities Betterment in creative writing Better language comprehension It is a fact that grammar skills help children to prepare better for higher classes. Children advance towards a bigger world of words. Each of the above topics has been elaborated to explain how they play a major role in shaping the way a child learns and understands a language. It also determines how effectively it affects the learning process. Every step has a procedure of being taught. Every step has a specific age to be taught. This whole process helps to acquire the skill of becoming successful in using a language fluently. Each process is important in the way of learning a language. Conclusion In conclusion to the whole essay we can say that each of the above steps is extremely crucial in terms of a childs process of learning a language and developing reading skills. Children tend to learn very quickly and it is very essential to maintain the correct steps to ensure they learn any language to the best of the potential. That applies for the reading and writing skills too. For that, maintaining the decorum or steps is very important References Axford, B., Harders, P. and Wise, F., (2009). Scaffolding literacy: An integrated and sequential approach to teaching reading, spelling and writing. Camberwell, Victoria: ACER Publishing Brady, S. A., Shankweiler, D. P. (Eds.). (2013). Phonological processes in literacy: A tribute to Isabelle Y. Liberman. Routledge. Drouin, M., Horner, S. L., Sondergeld, T. A. (2012). Alphabet knowledge in preschool: A Rasch model analysis. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 27(3), 543-554. Hill, S. (2012). Developing early literacy: Assessment and teaching. (2nd Ed). Prahran, Victoria: Eleanor Curtain Publishing. Lowe, K. (2016). For the love of reading: Supporting struggling readers. Newtown, NSW: Primary English Teaching Association Australia. Masny, D. (2012). What is reading? A cartography of reading. Mapping multiple literacies: An introduction to Deleuzian literacy studies, 69-92. McDonald, L. (2013). A literature companion for teachers. Sydney, NSW: Primary English Teaching Association Australia. Zens NK, e. (2017). Effects of phonological awareness and semantic intervention on word-learning in children with SLI. - PubMed - NCBI. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 4 August 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21271927